Female transplant patients who did not menstruate before transplant because of liver disease and illness, often begin to ovulate or menstruate within a few weeks to months after liver transplant. Most transplant centers recommend that women avoid getting pregnant for one to two years following liver transplant.

Birth control methods recommended includes using latex condoms with spermicidal jelly or cream with nonoxynol-9, or the sponge or diaphragm with spermicide. Patients with multiple partners should always use a condom as well. Before using birth control pills, the Norplant, or getting an injection of Depo-Provera, you should contact your gynecologist and transplant coordinator. These methods may be used in some cases, but recommendations vary by patient. Most centers recommend that barrier methods be used for several months until the liver function is stable and there are no further complications with infections. Oral contraceptives or implantable devices may then be considered.

For female transplant recipients who are considering becoming pregnant, prenatal planning and consultation with your obstetrician and transplant team is imperative to ensure a healthy pregnancy for you and your baby. Some medications may be harmful to the developing fetus and must be stopped before you become pregnant.

Pregnancy is possible after transplant. Many female transplant recipients have become pregnant and delivered healthy babies. There is however, an increased incidence of prematurity, lower birth weights and Caesarian sections. The mother also has an increased risk of high blood pressure and preeclampsia. Breastfeeding is not recommended since some medications can be transmitted to the infant through breast milk. Outcomes of pregnancies of transplant recipients are being followed through the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR). Your Physician can discuss the findings of this group in greater detail with you if you are considering becoming pregnant.